The competitiveness of Malaysia in attracting FDI

The seriousness of Malaysia in drawing in FDI 1.1 Abstract This report examines the seriousness of Malaysia in drawing in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). All the more explicitly the examination researches the relationship of FDI with Malaysias economy, dissects the reasons that influenced the FDI into Malaysia, and assesses every conceivable explanation with important steady information. The examination will additionally assess the adequacy of government arrangements in drawing in FDI into Malaysia. 1.2 Malaysia and the FDI Malaysia has an arrangement of blended economy whereby the nations pull in FDI into the nation to drive its economy and to guarantee development. A large portion of the observational investigations on the capacity of FDI in nations recommend that FDI is a significant wellspring of capital, supplements local private speculation, improvement of innovation move, and increment by and large monetary development in nations where higher financial development will making sound venture condition which pulls in speculation from advertise looking for firms (Karimi et al., 2009). As indicated by Krugman and Obstfeld (1994) FDI works as one approach to connect a between fleeting hole of capital interest and gracefully, and like other capital inflows, increment the creation boondocks of creating nations, which typically endure a lack of capital. FDI additionally lead to expand the business rate through the development of the economy and occupation creation. Inadequate assets for speculation are th e fundamental motivation to look for FDI and regularly, less-created nations absence of store for venture (Har, Teo, Yee, 2008). In this manner by having the FDI, it can assist them with developing their nations and improve their way of life by making increasingly local business and increment the economy. Other than FDI making more openings for work, inflow of FDI has been a significant wellspring of information move in innovation, the executives aptitudes and universal linkages for Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines and Thailand (Yussof Ismail, 2002). FDI is viewed as a significant vehicle for move of new innovation which adds to development more than household venture (Borensztein et al., 1998). FDI gives the quickest and best approach to send new innovations in creating host nations, through the procedure of innovation move, the outside multinationals additionally added to the improvement of the specialized capacities of local people (UNCTAD, 2000). Additionally, through preparing of representatives and hands-on learning, FDI can raise the abilities of nearby labor and thus, expanding their profitability level ( Marial Ngie, 2009). Moreover, FDIs job is to fuel sends out development whereby the creation of items and administrations are to provide food both household and worldwide markets. The legislatures exertion by presenting increasingly liberal motivating forces including permitting a bigger level of outside value proprietorship in big business under the Promotion of Investment Act (PIA)1986 and followed by the foundation of Free Trade Zones (FTZs) during the Second Malaysia Plan ( 1971-1975) so as to draw in a bigger inflow of FDI. From that point forward, Malaysia has pulled in a huge segment of the speculation dollar that streamed into Asia. Somewhere in the range of 1986 and 1996, it came about to an enormous inflow of FDI at a yearly normal pace of 38.7% after 1987. In 1995 for example, Malaysia was the second biggest FDI beneficiary among Asian economies with US$ 5.8 billion (UNCTAD, 1996). FDI Inflows to Malaysia, (in million dollars) 1990-2009 The figure above shows the pattern of FDI inflow to Malaysia. Malaysia has gotten a great deal of FDI since the 1990s and FDI has become a significant supporter of the development and the change of Malaysias economy whereby FDI could make openings for work for the nations residents. The FDI stream in Malaysia is conflicting and changes haphazardly. For the record, Malaysia has recorded RM 152 billion in net FDI inflows during the period 2000-2009 higher than RM 134 billion from 1990-1999. However Malaysias execution begins to grow up stunningly by 1990s contrasted and the prior years 1990s and it show that might be the financial specialist certainty had improved. Be that as it may, the most minimal figures of FDI inflows recorded in 2001 were because of the worldwide pattern and followed by the breakdown of innovation bubble (The star paper, 25 March 2010). With respect to 2009, the FDI inflow into the Malaysia had radically dropped 81% to US$1.4bil from US$7.3bil in 2008, which deta iled by the World Investment Report (WIR). As indicated by the central market analyst of RAM Holdings Bhd Dr Yeah Kim Leng, the motivation behind why the FDI have contracted strongly because of absence of certainty as the consequence of the worldwide budgetary emergency in 2008 and 2009 (The star paper, 13 March 2010). In 2007, FDI inflows crested, when it coming to US$1.8 trillion, up 30% from 2006, bringing the overall supply of FDI to US$15 trillion. FDI is a significant supporter of the development and the change of Malaysias economy, especially in setting up new businesses, improving creation limit, work, exchange and mechanical ability. Malaysia has pulled in a consistent inflow of net FDI in the ongoing decade, averaging 3% of GDP per annum with a pinnacle of 4.5% of GDP in 2007 (Har, et. al., 2008). In any case, generally lower FDI inflows were recorded in 2001 and 2009, like the worldwide pattern, following the breakdown of the innovation bubble and the worldwide money related emergency individually. As indicated by the World Investment Report 2010, Malaysias FDI was dropped in excess of 81 percent in 2009 on Year-on-Year essential, from US$7.32 billion out of 2008 to US$1.38 billion of every 2009. The FDI inflow into Malaysia of the whole year of 2009 was even not exactly 50% of the yearly normal complete FDI inflow between the long periods of 1995 to 2005, which incorporated the long recuperation time frame after the 1997 Asia Economic Crisis. Moreover, Malaysias FDI inflow in 2009 was additionally lower than Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines. This is the absolute first time in the history where the Philippiness FDI complete is more than Malaysias FDI. 1.3 Malaysia Economy Background Malaysia was a solid entertainer in monetary development inside the South-East Asia area in the early and mid-1990s. Nonetheless, the countrys economy was hit hard during Asia Economic Crisis, which started in July 1997 began from Thailand. The emergency caused Malaysia economy shrunk by 7.4 percent, and the Ringgit sneaked past in excess of 40 percent until the nation chose to actualize cash and capital control, just as pegged it money RM3.80 to USD1. In any case, the economy had the option to recoup unequivocally, especially in 1999 and 2000, as the consequence of expanded government spending and profoundly expanded fare area. Malaysia had effectively to enlist found the middle value of yearly GDP development rate at 5.9 percent since 2001. The nation monetary development are changing from relying upon government spending and fares to turn out to be increasingly determined by private utilization and venture, especially in the administrations area. Malaysia had taken the activities to reproduce it economy, particularly money related segment since 1997 Asia Financial Crisis. This empowered Malaysias economy didn't hurt severely by the worldwide budgetary emergency which started on November 2008 in US. Notwithstanding, the countrys economy is confronting a few issues inside and remotely. These incorporate of potential diminishing fares request, higher item costs (because of Quantitative Easing (QE) Policy-around the world, and Quantitative Easing 2 (QE2) US), lower intensity in pulling in FDI inflows, and difficulties in picking up the high pay nation status. Malaysias government had presented 5 financial locales inside the nation (Iskandar Malaysia (Iskandar), North Corridor Economic Region (NCER), East Coast Economic Region (ECER), Sabah Development Corridor (SDC), and Sarawak Corridor of Renewal Energy (SCORE)) inside the time of 2008. Additionally, the Malaysians government has vowed to focus on an open economy, increment the countrys seriousness and advance more opportunity for outside speculators to the nation. In any case, the presented of 5 financial areas and the guarantees given by the Malaysians government didn't reacted decidedly by remote speculators, as the FDI inflow into Malaysia was dropped shapely in the time of 2009. Malaysia plans to turn into a created nation in 2020, yet the nation need to develop at any rate 7 percent every year for the 10 years to come. Malaysia have been engaged in a few segments in ninth Malaysia Plan and third Industrial Master Plan, which incorporates of Islamic Finance, IT ICT, Education, Tourism, Biotechnology, and Multimedia. Be that as it may, the tenth Malaysia Plan and the Malaysia Budget 2011 are both centered around the outline on tending to salary dispersion, holding governmental policy regarding minorities in society arrangements for local Malays, while creating and improving the farming and social administrations parts. 1.4 Malaysia Countrys Facilities As indicated by World Investment Report 2008, MNCs regularly put resources into nations with entrenched system of transportation and correspondence offices. Malaysia is prepared to satisfy the requirements of calculated and correspondence inside the countrys limit, particularly in the Peninsular of Malaysia. Additionally parkways and KTM railroads are both connecting the significant towns in peninsular. Malaysia is celebrated with less expensive ports administrations than Singapore gave in southern Johor, just as in Klang. In addition, the main spending aircrafts Air Asia, which chose Malaysia as its center point arranges additionally expanded the seriousness of Malaysia in term of transportation. Concerning correspondence, Malaysia is advancing toward to actualize National Broadband Initiative (NBI), other than the MSC ventures. As per SKMM (Malaysia Multimedia and Communication Commission), 95% of peninsular terrains and 55% of East Malaysia territories are secured by fixed line br oadband. In addition, there are with 29.6 Million cell membership (Q3,2009), with 95% of zone inclusion in Peninsular and 77

Importance of school rules free essay sample

Coming up next is a rundown of sports/games, isolated by class. There are a lot more games to be included. This framework has an impediment since certain games may fit in more than one class. Physical games Air sports Lima aerobatics crew performing over Louisville. Fundamental article: Air sports †¢Aerobatics oGliding aerobatics †¢Air hustling †¢Ballooning oCluster swelling o((soccer mitt))** oHopper swelling Wingsuit flying †¢Gliding †¢Hang skimming oPowered hang lightweight plane †¢Human controlled airplane †¢Model airplane †¢Parachuting oBanzai skydiving oBASE hopping oSkysurfing oWingsuit flying †¢Paragliding oPowered paragliding †¢Ultralight aeronautics †¢Paramotoring Bows and arrows Individuals from the Gotemba KyÃ¥ «dÃ¥  Association show KyÃ¥ «dÃ¥ . Primary article: Archery †¢Clout bows and arrows †¢Field bows and arrows †¢Flight bows and arrows †¢Gungdo †¢Indoor bows and arrows †¢KyÃ… «dÃ…  †¢Popinjay †¢Target bows and arrows a global match of Volleyball. †¢Ball badminton †¢Biribol †¢Bossaball †¢Fistball †¢Footbag net †¢Football tennis †¢Footvolley †¢Hooverball †¢Jianzi †¢Jokgu †¢Newcomb ball †¢Peteca †¢Pickleball †¢Sepak takraw †¢Sipa †¢Throwball †¢Volleyball oBeach volleyball oParalympic volleyball †¢Wallyball B-ball family B-ball player Dwight Howard making a sure thing at 2008 Summer Olympic Games †¢Basketball oBeach ball oDeaf ball o3x3 oStreetball oWater ball oWheelchair ball †¢Korfball †¢Netball oFastnet oIndoor netball †¢Slamball Bat-and-ball (Safe haven)[edit] Anticipating a pitch: player, catcher, and umpire. We will compose a custom exposition test on Significance of school rules or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In BaseballMain article: Bat-and-ball Baseball four bases Softball Quick Pitch Slow Pitch Altered Pitch 16 Inch Bat-and-Trap English baseball four posts Brã ¤nnboll four bases Corkball four bases (no base-running) Cricket three wickets Indoor cricket Constrained overs cricket One Day International Test cricket Twenty20 Danish longball Globeball four bases Kickball Lapta †two salos (bases) The Massachusetts Game †four bases Matball Mã ©ta and longa mã ©ta (long mã ©ta) †Hungarian game Oina †One (Two, Three, or Four) Old Cat †variable Over-the-line †qv Pesã ¤pallo †four bases Podex Punchball Rounders †four bases or posts Clean baseball †four bases (not a group game in essence) Stickball †variable Stool ball †two stools Tapball T-Ball Town ball †variable K-Ball Vigoro †two wickets Wireball Wiffleball Cudgel twirling[edit]Main article: Baton whirling Board sports[edit] Skateboard vert seize the Sprite urban games 2006 in London. Snowboard figure at the 2008 Shakedown Surfing in HawaiiMain article: Board sports Sports that are played with a type of board as the essential gear. Skateboarding Scootering Casterboarding Freeboard (skateboard) Longboarding Streetboarding Skysurfing Streetluge Snowboarding Mountainboarding Sandboarding Snowkiting Surfing Swing boarding Wakesurfing Bodyboarding Riverboarding Skimboarding Wakeboarding Kneeboarding Boules[edit] Garden bowler Tim MasonMain article: Boules Bocce Boccia Boãÿeln Boule lyonnaise Bowls Twisting Ice stock game Klootschieten Pã ©tanque Shuffleboard Varpa Bowling[edit]Main article: Bowling Candlepin bowling Duckpin bowling Five-pin bowling Skittles (sport) Ten-pin bowling Marbles games Garden bowling School Bowling Find games[edit]Curving Dodgeball Ga-ga Hexball Ward Off Family Ball Detainee Ball Overview (otherwise known as Pickle) Yukigassen Frookies Climbing[edit] CanyoningMain article: Climbing Rock Climbing Game climbing Abseiling Bouldering Canyoning (Canyoneering) Mountaineering Climbing Rope Climbing Ice Climbing Post climbing Coasteering Cycling[edit] A Track Cycling RaceMain article: Cycling Sports utilizing bikes or unicycles. Bicycle[edit]Main article: Bicycle Masterful cycling Bike Motocross or BMX Bobrun cycling Free-form BMX Cyclo-cross Crosscountry mountain biking Street bike hustling Track cycling Cycle speedway Downhill mountain biking Freeride mountain biking Earth hopping Skibob[edit]Skibobbing Unicycle[edit]Main article: Unicycle Unicycling Mountain unicycling Unicycle preliminaries Unicycle hockey Unicycle ball Battle sports: Wrestling Martial arts[edit]Main article: Combat sports Main article: Martial expressions Battle sport is a serious physical game where two soldiers battle against one another utilizing certain principles of commitment. Grappling[edit]Main article: Grappling Two men contend in Freestyle wrestling.A Bracciuta A Brazzos Aba Guresi Aiki-jÃ¥ «jutsu Aikido Kinomichi Jujutsu Judo Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Sambo (military craftsmanship) Sumo Wrestling Novice wrestling Greco-Roman wrestling Free-form wrestling FILA Grappling People wrestling Boli Khela Dumog Glima Kurash Lancashire wrestling Find wrestling Malla-yuddha Mongolian wrestling Pehlwani Schwingen Shuai Jiao Ssireum Varzesh-e Pahlavani Yaäÿlä ± Gã ¼reåÿ Greek wrestling Striking[edit]Main article: Strike (assault) A kick in Kickboxing.Akroteri Punching Choi Kwang-Do Boxing Bokator Capoeira Chessboxing Fujian White Crane Karate KenpÃ¥  Kickboxing Lethwei Muay Thai Pradal Serey San shou Savate Shaolin kung fu Sikaran Silat Subak Taekkyeon Taekwondo Taido Tang Soo Do Wing Chun Wing Tsun Zui Quan

My First Impressions of Illinois Welcome Days Edition

My First Impressions of Illinois Welcome Days Edition I’ve officially experienced my first Welcome Days on campus, and I can’t help but think back to this summer when I was a (nervous) prospective student. I remember attending an Admitted Student Day asking my burning questions to student panels and listening to endless presentations. I’m not going to lie: Sometimes I wondered, is this school really who they say they are?   Welcome Days hosts fun events for new and returning students on campus. The main objective of this week is for students to attend activities, meet their peers, and get settled before classes are in session. To me, this past week was about solidifying my understanding of what campus has to offer. Let’s test and see if the university’s claims last summer match my first impressions of campus so far: Illinois values inclusivity.  The diverse population at Illinois was something I didn’t expect before I stepped foot on campus. My preconceived notion stemmed from the myth that Everyone I’ll meet will be a Chicago native. However, my low expectations were offset by the remarkable diversity of the student body, and that’s just from the freshmen alone! In just one week, I’ve met students from New York, Shanghai, and even Sweden. The number of minority and international student RSOs and clubs also took me by surprise, some of which being the Polish and Filipino student associations. Not to mention living in a Catholic residential building, I’ve been accepted and appreciated for my differences in beliefs and values. My dining hall’s chef has even made accommodations for my religious dietary restrictions! I’ve been impressed by how much the school integrates inclusivity by catering to various ethnicities, religions, and races!   Illinois wants you to aim high.  When I was a prospective student, I remember listening to a speaker discuss Illinois’ idea of “and.” He mentioned that the school encourages its students to study and explore whatever they choose. Indeed, students must select a major, but the skys the limit. This “and” principle became clear to me once I attended New Student Convocation, a welcome ceremony that marks the beginning of the Illinois experience. One of the alums majored in three different areas of study (a superhuman) and expressed how important it is to expand your academic horizons. He emphasized how he accomplished the unexpected by being ambitious. Additionally, Welcome Days puts on events that are college specific. For example, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences hosted an LAS Expo for current students to ask questions to LAS interns, leaders, and even professors. It’s safe to say that my first impression was nothing short of great because of the school’s overwhelm ing support toward student academic achievement! A view of new student convocation at the State Farm Center Credit: Google Images           Illinois fosters innovation and creativity.  If you’ve visited the University of Illinois in Chambana, you’ve probably heard of the Squirrel-Watching Club (yes, it’s legit). The Squirrel-Watching Club is just one example of how Illinois is open and willing to turn hobbies and ideas into established groups and projects students desire. Quad Day, a day dedicated for students to check out school organizations, definitely reflects how the school cultivates innovation and creativity. As I walked through the Main Quad, there were a spectrum of groups for pre-med, martial arts, robotics, chess, and even improv! Most of these clubs expect no prior experience or skills from its members. The importance for students to find a refreshing outlet that feeds their creative and innovative side is well recognized! Welcome Days Memorabilia Quad Day: Credit: Google Images The line for the register @ the Illini Union Bookstore the day before classes (yikes!): Credit: Yours truly A snippet of Illinois Sights and Sounds: a  Welcome Days event that introduces students to the traditions of the university, coaches from many intercollegiate athletics teams, and the classic Block I class photo! document.createElement('video'); https://admissionsblog.web.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ips-75DDC788-19CD-44C0-9D01-E59BCE5C2969.mp4 Credit: Yours truly I guess Illinois doesnt lie. Don’t hesitate to leave questions about Welcome Days and suggestions for future blog posts in the comment section below! Welcome Class of 2022! Fiz Fiza Class of 2022 My major is Molecular and Cellular Biology (more commonly and lovingly known as MCB) in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I'm on the pre-med trackâ€"I’ve dreamed of becoming a doctor since I could spell the word!

Micro Economics - Analysis on the Behavior and Performance of Firms - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1904 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Micro economics Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Micro Economics Analysis on the Behavior and Performance of Firms" essay for you Create order QUESTION ONE Perfect Competition: Perfect competition is a market place or structure where many companies offer a similar product. As there is free choice of entry and exit and perfect information. Therefore companies will make normal profits and prices will be kept low by pressure of the competition in the market. All companies even the new trader are expected to have equal entree to resources and developments in production technologies achieved by any other company. Features: Number of firms: Number of firms, with perfect competition increasing in the boundary as there can be infinity number of companies in one market selling the similar product. Product Differentiation: Product differentiation is the method of dissimilar a product or service from others to make it more unique and attractive to a target market. As this occurs because buyers notice a difference between products. However as the product becomes more different, which changes the category of each product and putting them into a category will become more difficult, and the product attracts less comparisons with its competition. Control over price As there is acompetition in the market, and each individual has strong assumptions and expectations. Many individual buyers, therefore there is a slight or none control over the price or quantity. Extent of market information There are no barriers to exit for the companies. Companies are free exit the market at their freedom of choice. Freedom of entry: As there is freedom of entry and perfect information, there are no barriers to entry for firms. Firms are free to enter the market at their choice. QUESTION TWO Short Run Long Run QUESTION THREE Monopoly In a monopoly Competitive markets each firm makes their own decisions about the price and output, based on their own product, its market, and itscosts of manufacture.Monopoly competitive is a place where an individual owns all or most of the market for their own individual product or services. Less competition in the market will always result in high price and inferior products. Features Number of firms In monopoly there is only one firm in the market, which has the high market power. Product Differentiation In a monopolistically competitive market there is a significant amount of non-pricecompetition. As a result product differentiation is key for any monopolistically competitive firm, it is a process of unique product or service from others to make it more attractive to a target market. Differentiation happens because consumersnotice a difference. Control over price As a there is only one company in the Market, it means the company has full control over the market, also has own terms and condition. As the company is branded by many firms selling products that are not identical, therefore the company can choose its own price to sell that product. Extent of market information There are barriers to when exiting a monopoly market. As if government believes that the product provided by the monopoly is important for well-being of the public, then the monopoly will not be allowed to leave the market for example Healthcare products. This barrier to exit is always or mostly applied to publicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ everyday services or benefits, such as electricity companies, local telephone companies and etc. These are mostlyconsiderednecessary services that cannot be stopped without permission from a government regulation authority. Freedom of Entry As a monopoly is normally certain of being the only firm in a market because of various barriers to entry. Some of the key barriers to entry are: government license or franchise, resource ownership patents and copyrights high start-up cost QUESTION FOUR Short Run Long Run QUESTION FIVE Market Power In economic science and significantly in industrial organization, market power is that the ability of a firm to fruitfully raise the value of a decent or service over cost. In utterly competitive markets, market participants dont have any market power. Barriers to entry Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from coming into a market productively. They request to shield the monopoly power of existing corporations in associate business and so maintain supernormal (monopoly) profits within the end of the day. Barriers to entry have the impact of creating a market less debatable Product differentiation Product differentiation is that the method of identifying a product or service from others to create it a lot of engaging to a target market. Price Discrimination A monopolize is also ready to interact in a very policy of value discrimination. This happens once a firm charges totally different or special value to different teams of shoppers for a uniform sensible or service, for reasons not related to the prices of production. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s necessary to worry that charging totally different costs for similar merchandise isnt value discrimination. As an example, value discrimination doesnt occur once a rail company charges a better value for a primary category seat. As a result of the value premium over an inferior seat can be explained by variations within the price of providing the service. QUESTION SIX Monopolistic Competition The model of noncompetitive competition describes a standard market structure within which corporations have several competitors, however all sells a rather totally different product Features Numbers of firms There square measure giant numbers of companies commercialism closely connected, however not consistent merchandise. Every firm acts severally and includes a restricted share of the market. So, a private firm has restricted management over the market value. Sizable amount of companies ends up in competition within the market. Product Differentiation Each firm is in an exceedingly position to exercise some extent of monopoly (in spite of enormous range of sellers) through product differentiation. Product differentiation refers to differentiating the product on the idea of name, size, colour, shape, etc. the merchandise of a firm is shut, however not good substitute of different firm. Control Over Price A firm underneath noncompetitive competition is neither a price- taker nor a price-maker. However, by manufacturing a singular product or establishing a selected name, every firm has partial management over the worth. The extent of power to manage worth depends upon however powerfully the patronsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ area unit hooked up to his whole. Extent of market information Buyers and sellers dont have good data concerning the market conditions. Merchandising prices produce artificial superiority within the minds of the shoppers and it becomes terribly troublesome for a shopper to judge totally different product on the market within the market. As a result, a specific product (although extremely priced) is most well-liked by the shoppers although different less priced product square measure of same quality Freedom of Entry Under noncompetitive competition, companies area unit liberal to enter into or exit from the trade at any time they want. It ensures that there are a unit neither abnormal profits nor any abnormal losses to a firm within the end of the day. However, it should be noted that entry beneath noncompetitive competition isnt as simple and free as beneath excellent competition. QUESTION SEVEN Short Run Long Run QUESTION EIGHT Oligopoly In the market place an Oligopoly has a market structure eith few companies, however those few companies are leading companies in this market structure. This is extremely focused when market is shared with leading companies. Also small firms will try to operate in the same market. Although only a few firms dominate, it is possible that many small firms may also operate in the market. Features: Number of firms In Oligopoly there are few but leading companies in the market. Product Differentiation In this market structure similarproducts are producedwith a few manufacture in the industry. However each manufacture attempts to make slightly different product in order to charge higher price to its consumers. . Control over Price In the market Oligopolistsare price focused and there are many leading companies, so they will use predatory pricing to force rivals out of the market. Which means keeping theirprices artificially low, this can be below the full cost of production. Extent of Market Information As this is market structure is dominated by small number of large firm, as these firms are quite large in size compared to overall size of the market. This creates significant market control, therefore extent of market control is depending on the number and size of the firms. Freedom to entry Oligopolies often maintain their placeof control in a marke, this might be because it is too expensive and also it is hard for possiblecompetitors to enter the market. Therefore there are barriers to entry in an Oligopoly which can stiff them purposely. Æ’Ëœ Economies of large scale production Æ’Ëœ High set-up costs Æ’Ëœ High RD costs Q9. Explain the behaviour of oligopoly in terms of market structure Price to explain stuck other . if one company change their way of selling their products , then it also effect the working of other similar company . Price leadership : in price leadership price of the product is decided by the then alternatively ,the other comparative company have decreased to sell their products. Kinked demand curve model: the kinked demand curve theory is an economic theory regarding oligopoly and monopolistic competition when it was created the idea fundamentally challenged classical economic tenets such as efficient markets and rapidly changing prices ideas that underlie basic supply and demand models. Kinked demand was an initial attempt to explain sticky price Behaviour. Advertising : Yes the company advertise to convince the customer so that they will buy their product. they spend allot of money on advertising. Output: there is competition between the countries if we take the example of OPEC like, in Arab country they sell mortal oil and the world price of oil will remain same. Product Differentation: There is great product differentiation in oligopoly Q11. Using as an example of New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) evaluate and describe how government regulation restrict the market power of firms. A response was required, and in 1993 the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) was created to actively manage Government disbursal on medicines. PHARMACà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S objective was to introduce price battle to a market wherever it had not antecedent existed. Pharmacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role was, in effect, to urge higher price for medicines so the most effective health outcomes may well be achieved from public cash pay on medicines. From Pharmacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s creation, there was potential for value reductions through the introduction of price battle between pharmaceutical corporations. Reference evaluation, a policy wherever grant levels for medication with similar effects are set at an equivalent level, was a big strategy in achieving lower costs. All of those mechanisms facilitate cut back the number we have a tendency to pay money for medicines, generating savings that are ready to be accustomed subsidise a lot of merchandise à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" increasing New Zealandersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ access to medicines. Pharmacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s getting power has tripled since 1993. This implies that we are able to currently subsidise concerning 3 times the number of medicines that would be brought with equivalent cash in 1993. Q12 Ans . In this graph average total cost increased quickly with the increase of quantity and then it started decreasing . Fixed cost remain fixed whether the output increased or decreased. marginal cost and variable cost it increased slowly with the increase of output. And last total cost has rapidly increased with the increase of quantity. Q13. In this graph average cost of products decreased with the increase in the production as the cost of per product was $12 when the production was 1000. But when the production increased from 1000 to 200000 the price declined to $6 per unit.

Corellis Mandolin by Louis de Bernieres Essay - 2332 Words

Corellis Mandolin by Louis de Bernieres Carlo was fighting for Italy, while Mandras was in the Greek army. Both of the characters experienced a lot during the war. Nevertheless everything Mandras and Carlo fought on opposite sides. What does it say about the novels moral scheme, that the sufferings of ordinary people on both sides are recounted in detail? Consider these two characters but also other â€Å"moral† issues raised in the novel so far. Mandras and Carlo fought on opposite sides. Their experiences and feelings through out the war are recounted to the readers in a lot of details. And even though they were â€Å"enemies†, their stories are very similar, as if the author is talking about the same man. This style of†¦show more content†¦I would not desert him [†¦] he would make me an inspired hero. I would have someone to impress, someone whose admiration would give me that which I cannot give myself; esteem, and honour.† (p. 29). He wants to join the army because he is a homosexual and he wants to be able to love and be loved, or the least to be able to impress someone and get his admiration. At the same time Mandras also wants to join the army, and his reasons come from love as well. He wants to go to war, because this way he feels he will be able to do something important, and thus by the end of it, he would be good enough to marry Pelagia. â€Å"I will never be a man until I’ve done something important, something great, something I can live with, something to be esteemed [†¦] no man is a man until he has been a soldier.† (p. 80). As we can see from the quote, Mandras basically wants to gain the same things by joining the army: esteem and honour. He wants to impress people by his actions and show that his life is not pointless, that he risked himself in order to defend his country and its people. The next similarity between the characters is what they have found out about the war, their disappointment and despair. Both of them realised that war is not at all as what they thought it would be. After Carlo and his friend Francesco had their first atrocity, they no longer felt excited by the war. â€Å"We felt no triumph. We felt exhausted andShow MoreRelated Louis de Bernià ¨res Novel Captain Corellis Mandolin Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesLouis de Bernià ¨res Novel Captain Corellis Mandolin Already from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of the most important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There are several factors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The most important ones are language (including the narrative style) and classical allusions. The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a lot of medical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educated manRead MoreCaptain Corelli3725 Words   |  15 PagesCAPTAIN CORELLI’S MANDOLIN TEACHERS’ NOTES This study guide is aimed primarily at students of English Literature, who are studying Louis de Bernià ¨res’s novel Captain Corelli’s Mandolin in the second year of Advanced GCSE studies but will be useful for any students wishing to look at the way in which a novel is adapted for the screen. The guide focuses on the following areas: From novel to screen: Narrative adaptation Characters Representation of nationalities Representation of war Music LanguageRead More Captain Corelli’s Mandolin Essay873 Words   |  4 Pages Captain Corelli’s Mandolin S U M M A R Y It is 1941, and a young Italian officer, Captain Antonio Corelli,arrives on the beautiful Greek island of Cephallonia as part of an occupying force. He is billeted in the house of the local doctor, Iannis and his daughter Pelagia. He quickly wins the heart of Pelagia through his humour and his sensitivity, not to mention his stunning ability on the mandolin. But Pelagia is engaged to Mandras, a local fisherman who is away fighting with the Greek armyRead MoreEssay on Louis de Bernieress Captain Corelli’s Mandolin1053 Words   |  5 PagesLouis de Bernieress Captain Corelli’s Mandolin Louis de Bernieres uses three principal techniques to portray the effects of war so powerfully in his book. These techniques are the powerful narrative, strong pictorial language, and black humour. Above all, the message is conveyed in the narrative, especially when Louis De Bernieres graphically describes the war’s impact on the soldiers who are fighting for their country. At first, the soldiers are united in their fight against the enemyRead MoreThe Two Sides to Every Greek: Hellene vs. Romoi1844 Words   |  8 PagesLouis De Bernieress novel, Corellis Mandolin, is a story about time and change. The story itself explores many aspects of life such as love, betrayal, chaos, tradition, history and numerous other elements that are often warped over time. De Bernieres notes that he tried to be as true to history as possible. But beneath the layers of time, change and history there is another element of Greek culture that parallels the stories within the novel. There is a continuous theme of the conflicting forces

Tattos Free Essays

English 105 Instructor Jim Higuera Tattoos A tattoo is a mark (a person or a part of the body) with an indelible design by inserting pigment into punctures in the skin. There is so many opinion and arguments upon tattoos. Yes tattoo is permanent life can change, and so can your tastes. We will write a custom essay sample on Tattos or any similar topic only for you Order Now The thing is, most of those things can be changed, but a tattoo can’t. Yes I do have tattoos but each tattoo has a special meaning I wouldn’t get a pointless thing tag on me for life it has everyone gets a certain tattoo for they own personal reasons. I love my tattoos ( I have 6 myself) but before you get any, you need to think about the fact that getting a tattoo is a big deal. It might come out looking terrible, you might hate it, you might be allergic to the ink they use, your parents may never speak to you again, you may become unemployable (depending on what you get where) YOU WILL HAVE IT FOREVER. Unless you can afford laser removal which, I understand, is very expensive. There are lots of good reasons for getting a tattoo. There are also a lot of bad ones. For example you want to piss off your parents, you want to look tough, All your friends have them and you feel left out. You want to profess your undying love to your significant other with ink on your skin. You want to be cool. You’re drunk. Your friend needs someone to practice on etcetera. I have seen so many bad tattoos so bad they make me cringe when I think about them. I know a guy who went somewhere â€Å"cheap† to get it done he went to a guy who did tattoos at his house and he ended up with a tattoo that is crooked and not dark enough. The point is its so embarrassing and a waste of money. My point is, getting a tattoo which doesn’t suck isn’t that easy. The proliferation of ugly tattoos on the shoulders of the great unwashed is proof of that. These days tattoos are more common than ever. Tattoos have grown in popularity quite a bit over the years, giving people the ability to stand out and display their individuality. Both men and women both have them on display – some with them covering the whole body! The choice is totally up to you, of course, as you can get a tattoo in virtually any size you want. Most of the general public who get tattoos get them for the symbolic value. Of course, some get them as part of a trend, but such people usually end up regretting their tattoo later on in life. Tattoos are great for showing off, though this depends a lot on the pattern of course. There are a variety of motifs and colors to take your pick from, which adds to the positive benefits you can get from your tattoo. You can check out the many different designs at your tattoo parlor or through magazines, or over the Internet. The Internet in particular can yield an intense supply of tattoo patterns, as there are literally thousands to look at. You can also look at pictures of those who have been tattooed already, so as to get an idea as to what a particular style will look like, once it has been finished. Why do we get a tattoo when we know that although tattoos can be removed by lasers, surgery and other methods, they are altogether permanent. Many people have very distinctive reasons for these lifelong marks and some even have stories attached to every one One plain reason for a typical tattoo is just for looks. The tattoo may be one that resembles another seen on a public figure. It may also be a background detail that is merely pleasing to the eye. Maybe the tattoo has bright colors or neat shapes. Aesthetics are one typical reason for many tattoos. Another rationalization why one might get a tattoo is as a memorial. Friends and family who may have passed away are often memorialized with tattoos. These memorial tattoos are also often created in the memory of a particular public figure or celebrity. These might be designed with flowers, crosses and other shapes and dates of birth, names and death dates. They might embody specific sayings that were important to the deceased. They may also involve complicated tattoos that have been copied from an actual photograph. These might be designed with flowers, crosses and other shapes and dates of birth, names and death dates. They might embody specific sayings that were important to the deceased. They may also involve complicated tattoos that have been copied from an actual photograph. Very many individuals will get tattoos designed to commemorate specific events experienced during their lifetimes. Achievements, difficult times and other unique events are usually displayed as a lifetime reminder of a significant time in one’s life. Tattoos also represent spiritual status for some cultures. They can also sometimes be a symbol for social ranking. Some social groups are known for particular tattoos which would require a member to display the same. Others are known for having tattoos in general, the designs being unimportant. Expressing individuality and personality are often the reasons for getting a tattoo. If an individual likes butterflies, they might get a single tattoo or multiple tattoos flaunting butterflies. If someone else enjoys a particular field in which they worked, they may have tattoos representing what they do for a living. There are other ways to pore over expressing individuality around tattoos, however. Numerous tattoos are designed to reflect heritage. Ancient designs that are associated with the history of some cultures are routinely displayed on those who are of a particular culture’s descent. As an example, someone of Irish descent may choose a tattoo depicting the Claddaugh background while another of Egyptian descent might lean towards one similar to their ancient ancestors. On the other hand, very many people choose designs from other cultures just for aesthetics Regardless of where you crave having your tattoo applied on the body or where you get the procedure done, it’s important to understand why you really love the tattoo. Unlike many other forms of body art tattoos are enduring. So why do we get a tattoo done? Having a tattoo created for the right reasons, and reasons that are truly important to you will help to increase the joy of the design for many years to come. How to cite Tattos, Papers

I Wont Back Down free essay sample

It’s funny how a person remembers certain details of their life more clearly than others. For instance, I remember the exact song I was listening to the moment when I realized that I was never going home again. I was in the backseat of my new family’s minivan, somewhere in between Phillips, Wisconsin, and New Hope, Minnesota. We were on our way back from spending the weekend on vacation, something I had never done until the summer everything changed. The song I was listening to was Tom Petty’s â€Å"I won’t back down.† That song used to give me courage and strength when I needed it most. Lately though, it’s just a song. I no longer need Tom Petty to keep this world from dragging me down. I was lucky that we had left Wisconsin late because by then, the sky was completely black save for the speckling of stars and the distant moon. We will write a custom essay sample on I Wont Back Down or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No one could see how my eyes had begun to water. It was still hard on me to think about all that had happened within the walls of the past few months. It was the last day of August but the weekend weather had felt more like November. Just months earlier, in April, I had left the home where I’d grown up, for good. I grew up with my mother and father in North Minneapolis. My two older brothers lived with us for the first four years of my life, then decided that they would rather live with their stepparents. I never found out the exact reason why they left, but I have a strange feeling that theirs is similar to my own. I cannot blame them. When I was twelve, my brother John died of alcohol poisoning. His death has had, and will always continue to have, a profound effect on my life. What I choose to remember of my childhood is haunting. My father is an alcoholic who also abuses drugs. He was violent and terrifying. My mother chose to respond to our desperate situation by doing nothing at all. However, I try not to blame her. She supported the three of us on her own for sixteen years. Nowadays, she only has to support the two of them. When I was sixteen, I decided that I could no longer live with my parents. I left everything I’ve ever known: my pets, my bed, my neighbors, and most of my possessions behind, in order to attempt to get away from my past. My junior year of high school was the breaking point. I had found myself in a position where I could no longer function, as a student or as a person. I skipped school because I was tired from lack of sleep due to a bad night with my father, my grades were slipping, and I was emotionally depleted. Unless you have had the unfortunate opportunity to live with someone who does not care for himself or those around him, and takes it out on his own family, you cannot possibly imagine just how hard it was for me to go home each night. I’m seventeen years old now. I haven’t spoken with my father really in months. I see my mother once in a while. I’ve lived in two other homes since I left my first. Where I am now is where I plan to stay. For the first time in seventeen years, I feel as though I am part of a family, even if it is not my own. I’m no longer afraid of going home. I can sleep through the entire night without worrying. I joke and laugh and smile. I’m happy. My parents may be the reason I’m not living at home, but they are no excuse for not living. I will always have bad memories. I will always have regrets. I will always have an abusive alcoholic for a father. But in place of all of that, I have something else: I have a second chance. I have a future. And I have the strength, just as a blonde-haired musician once said; â€Å"You can stand me up at the gates of hell, but I won’t back down.†

Is Political Analysis a Scientific Enterprise Should It Be

Table of Contents Literature review Quantification Falsifiability Epistemology Conclusion Bibliography Footnotes According to Fay (1996)1, the study of political science involves a close analysis of dates, governments and politics. This discipline concerns with the study of human behavior and all issues related to politics as observed in controlled environments. This means that it would be very difficult to reproduce results through experimental methods.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is Political Analysis a ‘Scientific’ Enterprise? Should It Be? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many scholars have argued that the study should be based on observations rather than experiments. Historically, most advances and conclusions in political science are derived from observations of the general trends of nation’s politics and government. The fact that the results from studying a variety of government s of a given number of nations limits the probability of obtaining reproducible results and thus limits the study of political science to be classified as a scientific enterprise. Political analysts utilize a variety of means to obtain their research data. Most primary data is obtained through historic records and official documents. The secondary materials have been traditionally derived from results of surveys, case studies, statistical analyses and experimental models and research buildings. Political science builds its theories on critical observations of political elites, individuals and groups, as well as institutions. These patterns are drawn, generalized before the theories are being created. The correlation between the study of political science and science is a subject to debate due to some specifications that scientific studies and models stipulate as mandatory in all scientific models. This paper analyzes some of the scientific requirements in a scientific enterprise and then correlates them to the model and research methods used by political analysts to draw its conclusions Literature review The definition of political science has changed over the years since the 1950s. Initially, the discipline had been comprehensively descriptive in nature, but has since relied on statistical methods. Political analysts have over the years rejected political science as a science based on two approaches: practical and philosophical objections. In the first one believes that political behaviors are very complex and therefore mislead researchers having made the data collection quite hard. Philosophical objections, on the other hand, base their arguments on the fact that human reasoning cannot be objectively quantified. This leaves observations and perceptions by the researchers as the only alternative (Rosenberg, 2012)2.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Polit ical analysis lacks a standard methodology for quantifying the validity of its measurements and therefore makes it hard for obtaining testable results. The complexity and uniqueness of the political analysis make the results of the study unreliable. According to Cherry (2010)3, reliability is a measure of consistency of a given measurement. For a test to be reliable, it must deliver similar results on a regular basis. The results are independent of the reason for administering the test, but should be approximately similar every time the test is done (Cherry, 2010)4. Unfortunately, mathematical quantification is not possible in political analysis when making approximations about the reliability of a given test. Two aspects are normally considered in science: inter-later and internal reliability. In order to assess the first one, a minimum two independent judges should score the test. The scores are then analyzed to establish the consistency of the rater’s approximations. †Å"The best way to test inter-rater reliability is to assign each rater to test a score† (Silva, 2010)5. Then, the test administrator computes the correlation between two ratings to establish the degree of inter-rater reliability. On the other hand, internal reliability is a measure of consistency of test results conducted on the same test. The researches compare test variables, which measure the same construct to establish the tests internal consistency(Cherry, 2010)6. On many occasions, these tests involve very similar or repetitive questions that are utilized to assess the reliability. Since the questions are identical and are structured to answer the same phenomena, the researcher must provide answers to the question in a similar fashion meaning that the test has internal consistency (Cherry, 2010)7. Political analysis lacks a standard methodology for quantifying the validity of its measurements and therefore makes it hard to obtain testable results. Additionally, science c apitalizes on knowledge to explain how phenomena is the way it is. As a result, theories and testable predictions based on empirical reliability are created. The more similar observations are observed, the more the theory is deemed to be testable and therefore correct. Poor consistency of the human behavior thus reduces the rate of testability of the theories and consequently reduces the reliability of the results (Silva, 2010)8.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is Political Analysis a ‘Scientific’ Enterprise? Should It Be? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Political analysis is a social study and involves numerous examples of complex human behaviors. Human beings are neither identical nor interchangeable. Their complex nature makes them lack a general conclusion based on the results of the methodology used. In science, generalization is a must concept and relies on the building relationships between two or more facts and utilizes empirical generalization to reach a credible conclusion (Buttolph Reynolds, 2012)9. Since humans cannot be put in a Petri dish in an effort to control their behaviors to study certain variables, the validity of the results obtained is thus questionable. It would be important to look at the definition of variability as an important factor in quantifying scientific studies (Silva, 2010)10. Validity is defined as the ability of an instrument to achieve its goals. Tests should be valid in order to ease interpretation, and provide accurate application of the results. Validity is a measure that uses research methods that can demonstrate the existence of a predefined relationship between the test and the behavior it is supposed to measure. There are two types of validity measures: content and face validity. In case the elements of the test represent the whole range of possible results the test should cover, then the test have content validity (Silva, 2010)11 . Content validity draws the test questions from a wide pool of items covering a wide range of topics. Face validity, on the other hand, is a component of content validity that is determined when the person assessing the instrument makes a conclusion that measures the desired element or trait in the test (Cherry, 2010). Quantification While scientists insist on quantifiable tests, Political analysis, being a social science, relies on behaviors, values, beliefs and so on to make conclusions. This implies that their results cannot be measured accurately. Measurement is a fundamental element of science and although generalizations and assumptions are common, the quantification process must be illustrated clearly.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some political scientists vehemently criticize this approach by citing the scientific methodologies that have been employed historically in science. Galileo, for instance, used a crude telescope to view the moon and other planets. Scientific developments in astronomy were developed from the foundations he discovered through more and more precise observation instruments. Another fundamental element of science is the ability to offer transmissible knowledge. Scientists insist that scientific knowledge must be transmissible or, in other words, they must be explicit enough to allow other scholars to analyze them and replicate their results. Unfortunately, the methodologies used in social sciences are basically based on objective and systematic observations. This means that a fundamental goal of science is left out since the results obtained cannot be verified. The theories constructed from these verifications of public inspection and results are not in a credible position to explain why phenomena behave the way it does (Fay, 1996). In the scientific world, the knowledge is used to describe things and facts, for example, how things are created and why they are what they are. On the other hand, political analysis depends on causal relationships which derive their results from correlations in order to establish useful and important information. These however fail to explain issues related to why and how (Fay, 1996)12. Falsifiability During the development of theories, it must be quite clear whether the theory is falsifiable or not. Science insists that an empirical theory fails to satisfy the fundamental of science if it cannot be proved to be either right or wrong through various tests. When a theory is found to be wrong, it gives the researchers the motivation to look for alternative theories through elimination of the previous theory. The truth is that no political setting is interchangeable. If we argue from this point, it means therefore that the results we will obtain from analysis of a political setting will be subjected to alterations once an identical study is carried out. This would consequently lead to situation where theories will be formulated today and dismissed the following day. Political analysts use case studies to come up with comprehensive theories but fail to generalize them being afraid of criticism from independent similar theories. ‘The Organization of the American Political Science Association’ (2006)13 reported new developments in the scientification of political analysis. In the early 1960s, most political analysts used scientific means to build on the behaviorism during the early foundations of political science as a discipline. However, over the years, these theories have been challenged by different authors owing to their nature of lack of reliability and generalization. The line between facts and values has been a nightmare to most political scientists and other social scientists for a long time. Some held on the argument that values are facts, but in the real scientific world, a clear distinction between the two must be established. Epistemology As one of the key pillars of philosophy, epistemology concentrates on propositional knowledge. The political analysts utilize this approach by classifying certain elements of beliefs and values to be true or false. The results produce normative knowledge which deals with the evaluation and recommendation of what should be rather than what it is, or how it came to be. On the other hand, real science aims at creating a non-normative kind of knowledge which is based on facts or, in other words, the objective determination of what things are. While the real scientific world insists on knowledge being cumulative, the research methods used by previous experiments and results should be used as foundations of new work. Political analysts deal with variation in the settings of political arenas, governments and institutions in such a way that the conclusions from different studies yield different results. In their words, the repeatability, reliability and validity of the data obtained cannot be used to make a general observation. By presenting a systematic a systematic and well reasoned anticipation, science is able to make accurate predictions for future occurrence of events. Thus, science is in a position to generate predictions for the future. Social analysis fails in generalization of its theories and therefore most of its conclusions cannot be used to predict the occurrence of future events (Fay, 1996)14. Science relies on parsimony in an effort to give other researchers a chance to choose between alternatives. Scientists therefore prefer methodologies that give a vivid explanation of phenomena while maintaining few parameters. In real scientific research, deductive arguments must not necessarily be reached. These relate to arguments that are proved to be true â€Å"through the use of a series of logical statements to derive a conclusion based on true premises† (Buttolph Reynolds, 2012)15. Although deductive reasoning is used in political analysis, inductive reasoning prevails in most research work making inferences though observations and propositions (Buttolph Reynolds, 2012)16. This brings the issue of probabilistic explanation. In science, it is required that 100% accuracy be met prior to making any predictions. The use of inductive reasoning therefore forbids this practice of making prediction based on previous findings. In other words, every situation in political analysis requires an independent research and conclusion. For example, if a researcher was to research about the political situation in a country, say Britain, it would be wrong to make inferences about the United States using the results of the study. On the other hand, a scientific experiment could be reproduced to another similar case. For example, the behavior of bacteria inside a Petri dish could be used to make gene ral conclusions about the behavior of all similar bacteria. From the given example, several observations can be made. The situation of political institutions in Britain and America are likely to change with time. By the time the study was taken, several parameters such as the nature of economy and the general perceptions of the respondents will have changed. The scientific study of bacteria in the same environment and conditions will yield similar results day-in-day-out. We therefore concluded that the Petri dish experimental results are reproducible, valid and reliable. Reliability is important in this case in order to assess the practicability and efficiency of the materials used to gather the data (Martin, 1994)17. Conclusion The paper analyzed the scientific approach of research and made equal comparison to the study of political science. The scientific approach look more tangible and reflective results compared to the social science approach. The paper concluded that political analysis therefore cannot be classified as a scientific enterprise. For a long time, the study has based its reflections on descriptions obtained through observations. The fact that these systems are undergoing transformations to include statistical inferences suggests the birth of a new approach to the subject. At the moment, the scientific requirements for a theory to satisfy the discussed expectations of a scientific study do not allow the prevalent method in political analysis to be described as a scientific approach. Deductive reasoning may not be practical in political analysis since every time the research is carried out, the probability of obtaining different data is high. Bibliography Buttolph, J Reynolds, T H, 2012, Political Science Research Methods, 7th edn., sage Publications, http://college.cqpress.com/sites/psrm/Home/chapter2.aspx Cherry, K, 2010, Reliability and Validity, viewed on http://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/f/validity.htm Fay, B, 1996, Contempo rary philosophy of social science: a multicultural approach. Blackwell, Oxford. Martin, M, 1994, Readings in the philosophy of social science, MIT Press, Cambridge. Rosenberg, A, 2012, Philosophy of social science, Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Silva, E, 2010, Racism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Lanham. ‘The Organization of the American Political Science Association’, 2006, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 1, pp. 5-15, First Annual Meeting, 1904. Footnotes 1 Fay, B, 1996, Contemporary philosophy of social science: a multicultural approach. Blackwell, Oxford. 2 Rosenberg, A, 2012, Philosophy of social science, Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 3 Cherry, K, 2010, Reliability and Validity, viewed on http://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/f/validity.htm 4 Cherry, K, 2010, Reliability and Validity, viewed on http://psychology.about.com/od/re searchmethods/f/validity.htm 5 Silva, E, 2010, Racism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Lanham. 66 Cherry, K, 2010, Reliability and Validity, viewed on http://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/f/validity.htm 7 Cherry, K, 2010, Reliability and Validity, viewed on http://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/f/validity.htm 8 Silva, E, 2010, Racism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Lanham. 9 Buttolph, J Reynolds, T H, 2012, Political Science Research Methods, 7th edn., sage Publications, http://college.cqpress.com/sites/psrm/Home/chapter2.aspx Cherry, K, 2010, Reliability and Validity, viewed on http://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/f/validity.htm 10 Silva, E, 2010, Racism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Lanham. 11 Silva, E, 2010, Racism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Lanham. 12 Fay, B, 1996, Contemporary philosophy of social science: a multicultural approach. Blackwell, Oxford. 13 ‘The Organization of the American Political Science Association’, 2006, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 1, pp. 5-15, First Annual Meeting, 1904. 14 Fay, B, 1996, Contemporary philosophy of social science: a multicultural approach. Blackwell, Oxford. 15 Buttolph, J Reynolds, T H, 2012, Political Science Research Methods, 7th edn., sage Publications, http://college.cqpress.com/sites/psrm/Home/chapter2.aspx Cherry, K, 2010, Reliability and Validity, viewed on http://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/f/validity.htm 16 Buttolph, J Reynolds, T H, 2012, Political Science Research Methods, 7th edn., Sage Publications, http://college.cqpre ss.com/sites/psrm/Home/chapter2.aspx 17 Martin, M, 1994, Readings in the philosophy of social science, MIT Press, Cambridge. This essay on Is Political Analysis a ‘Scientific’ Enterprise? Should It Be? was written and submitted by user Madeline Robbins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay about 6 Crime And Criminal Justice

Essay about 6 Crime And Criminal Justice Essay about 6 Crime And Criminal Justice 6 Crime and Criminal Justice 148149 I was recently released from solitary confinement after being held therein for 37 months (months!). A silent system was imposed upon me and to even whisper to the man in the next cell resulted in being beaten by guards, sprayed with chemical mace, blackjacked, stomped and thrown into a strip-cell naked to sleep on a concrete floor without bedding, covering, wash basin or even toilet. The floor served as toilet and bed, and even there the silent system was enforced. . . . I have filed every writ possible against the administrative acts of brutality. The courts have all denied the petitions. Because of my refusal to let the thing die down . . . I am the most hated prisoner in (this) penitentiary, and called a â€Å"hard-core incorrigible.† The floor served as toilet and bed. Maybe I am an incorrigible. . . . I know that thieves must be punished and I don’t justify stealing, even though I am a thief myself. But now I don’t think I will be a thief when I am released. No, I’m not that rehabilitated. It’s just that I no longer think of becoming wealthy by stealing. I now think of killing- killing those who have beaten me and treated me as if I were a dog. I hope and pray for the sake of my own soul and future life of freedom that I am able to overcome the bitterness and hatred which eats daily at my soul. - A letter from a prisoner in a state prison, as quoted in Zimbardo 1972 Top of Form The Problem in Sociological Perspective WHAT IS CRIME? Crime is a fascinating area of human behavior. We may feel almost spellbound as we learn about a crime that is particularly gruesome, or even about a crime that was committed in some unusual way. To understand crime, let’s begin by placing it in sociological perspective. Crime and the Law. Before we can get into this chapter, we have to answer the question of what crime is. Let’s start by looking at what people call â€Å"dumb laws.† In Florida, it is illegal to sell alcohol before 1 P.M. on Sunday.In Arkansas, schoolteachers who cut their hair short cannot get a raise.In California, animals cannot have sex within 1,500 feet of a church.The Florida constitution guarantees that pregnant pigs cannot be put in cages.In New York, women can go topless in public as long as they do not profit from the behavior.In Texas, you’ll break the law if you sell your eye. More than likely, your state has â€Å"dumb laws,† and I’m sure that it has laws that make something legal at one time during the day or night but illegal at another time. 149150For example, to sell whiskey, wine, or beer one minute before â€Å"closing hour† is legal; to sell them one minute later is a crime. These examples illustrate the essential nature of crime. No activity is criminal in and of itself. Crime is the violation of law. If there is no law, there is no crime. Although we may agree that stealing, kidnapping, and rape are immoral or harmful, only the law can define them as crimes. The Relativity of Crime. The principle that law defines crime has many implications. One is that crime is culturally relative; that is, because laws differ from one society to another, so does crime. Travelers are sometimes shocked when they find that some behavior they take for granted at home is a crime abroad- or that what is illegal at home is taken for granted elsewhere. For example, although eating pork and drinking alcohol are illegal in some Muslim societies, a man there may take several wives as long as he can support them. Within the same society, behavior that is criminal at one time can later be encouraged as a virtue. In China, for example, selling goods to make a profit used to be a crime, one so serious that it was punishable by death. To teach everyone a lesson, â€Å"profiteers† were hung in the public square. When Chinese officials adopted capitalism in the 1990s, however, they decided that letting people make profits would help their economy. The change has been so thorough that now â€Å"profiteers,† Chinese capitalists,

Brief essay on why you would like to have a career as a surgical

Brief on why you would like to have a career as a surgical technologist - Essay Example This paper aims at explaining the reasons as to why I would like to have a career as a surgical technologist. For a person to be successful as a surgical technologist there are a number of skills and abilities that they are supposed to have. For instance, I am aware of the fact that a good surgical technologist needs to have manual dexterity that can enable them to handle instruments quickly. Having trained as a pharmacy technician at St. Johns University I am convinced that during the process I certainly gained the relevant skills that can enable me to meet the skills that have been mentioned herein. Such skills will enable me to make a good surgical technologist. Another thing is that a surgical technologist should have the ability to respond quickly and be aware of the surgery procedures so that they can be able to know which instrument to prepare without having to wait for the surgeons or nurses to tell them what they should be preparing (Fuller, and Armistead 111). This is something that can only come with experience. The experience can allow someone to completely familiarize with the process as a result of being involved in the process repeatedly. On my side, I can say that I have gathered the relevant experience that will enable me to effectively work as a surgical technologist. I worked as an office manager at the cardiology clinic for a period of 7 years. I am sure that during this period I learnt allot about surgical procedures that might help me in being a good surgical technologist. Being familiar with surgical processes am sure that it would not take me long before I am able to be effective as a surgical technologist. This gives m e an advantage over those who have not had any experience. I am also convinced that I have the physical ability to be a surgical technologist. One thing that is required of a surgical technologist is physical strength because of the activities that

Asthma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Asthma - Essay Example It is important that therapists be familiar with asthma so that they can properly diagnose patients on an individual basis. As such, I picked these articles to review as each person is unique in their diagnosis, as well as their treatment. In Sherry Baker’s article, â€Å"Children in danger from exposure to common chemicals, new studies confirm,† the author divulges into alleged causes of asthma in children, which are the toxic chemicals of common products. One study revealed that children exposed to pesticides during their prenatal stage risked developing a chronic cough at the age of five. This study yields evidence that the respiratory system of a child is defenseless against toxic exposure while in their mother’s womb (Baker, 2012). This chemical found in pesticides that causes children to develop chronic cough is piperonyl butoxide. Two other chemicals that are known to cause chronic coughing in children include diethyl phthalate and butylbenzyl phthalate, which are found in personal care and plastic products. When children are exposed to these chemicals, they are at risk of developing asthma-related airway inflammation. Sarka-Jonae Miller looks at alternative remedies for asthma in her article â€Å"Lifestyle remedies for the management of asthma.† Miller points out that while doctors disagree with lifestyle remedies for asthma, such as acupuncture and breathing exercise, these treatments have been proven to be less harmful than the common prescribed medications (Miller, 2012). Rolfing and osteopathic manipulation can be utilized to alleviate restrictive patterns in muscles and nerves, allowing for easier breathing. Acupuncture has been shown to decrease the frequency of asthma attacks, as well as improve breathing. Various breathing exercises can be used to help individuals control their breathing, thus preventing asthma attacks and allowing individuals to rely less

Development of Luxury Products: Montblanc

Development of Luxury Products: Montblanc Dissertation subject: a. Montblanc. Its development in the luxury industry OK b. The Montblancs brand extension in the luxury industry OK c. Montblanc brand: from a specialised luxury brand to a global luxury brand 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dissertation issue / key question: a. Did Montblanc, a specialised luxury brand in the writing instrument segment, extend its perception of luxury brand to its other product categories? OK b. Has Montblanc, a specialised luxury brand in the writing instrument segment, been successful in extending this perception to its other product categories? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature review: a. Definition of luxury: * Different points of view * Key words/concepts (to be tested in the survey) b. Definition of luxury brand c. Concept of diversification strategy: * Objectives * Types * Drivers to be successful (consumer perception / reaction) * Performance (to which extent) * Montblanc:    strategic diagnosis (SBU) d. Brand extension    Luxury brand perception: * (How to measure it? Consumers reaction) 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research: a. Key question: can a specialised luxury brand extend its perception of luxury brand to other product categories? The case of the Montblanc brand.Today, is Montblanc a global luxury brand (not anymore a specialised luxury brand)? Therefore how was it possible? Well know reputation in its core business (for quality, design, social status) and the choice of neighbouring segments. b. Hypothesis: Montblanc is today an established global luxury brand. Montblanc is a clear example of a successful brand extension. How was it possible? (Reputation, tradition, quality, Montblanc extended its way of doing business based on quality and style next to its outstanding reputation in its historical core business) 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research: a. Objective: To prove that Montblanc has been able, in a relatively short time, to become a global luxury brand. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research method: a. Which is the information to be collected in order to answer the issue discussed within our work and to verify the hypothesis?    the consumers perception of the Montblanc brand (the only boss) and the point of view of the Montblancs managers (figures on diversification mix, and resources allocated) b. How to collect the data (survey, interviews)? c. Which is the pitch of the research? Luxury sector, Montblanc and its major competitors in jewellery / watches / leather categories, luxury brand current and potential consumers. Becker, Howard S. (1998), Tricks of the trade, How to think about your research while youre doing it, The University of Chicago Press. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analysis of the research findings: a. Analyse and understand the collected data    as usually it helps identify some factors that may answer our issue, although often these elements are not complete b. Criticise the research method and its limits (limited sample) 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion: a. Buyers of Montblanc products (not only writing instruments): confirm the hypothesis b. Buyers of only Montblanc writing instruments    to gain tradition in watch and jewellery segments requires times although a good quality but not impossible c. Montblancs managers: good results so far. Recommendations: a. Montblanc has to go on investing in its diversification strategy because failing in doing so would be highly risky for its brand perception among the final consumers. Could Montblanc extend its perception to other product categories? Not right now: low resources and need to be definitively established as a luxury brand in key categories such as watches and jewellery. Write: * la probl ©matique involves the key question, the hypothesis of the research and the elements / factors which will help to develop the chosen subject.This first part includes the definition of the subject, the review of the literature (plus bibliography), the question, the hypothesis and the method of the research other than the action plan. * Final dissertation: develop the different topics without any linking parts, add these linking parts, further develop underestimated parts and cut what is useless. Add the table of contents, bibliography, appendix, etc. Executive Summary * The research and its Interest * The key question and the hypothesis * Research method * Major findings * Conclusion * Recommendations The purpose of this research paper is to investigate if and how a specialised luxury brand can extend its perception of luxury brand to other products categories. Being the luxury industry so wide of dimensions, the researcher decided to focus on one specific brand: Montblanc. This choice permitted to closer define the pitch of the analysis in order to carry out a reliable and feasible research that might prove the success of the diversification strategy pursued by the Montblanc brand. Montblanc represents, indeed, an interesting case study to show how the diversification strategy can be an effective tool to increase the luxury brand perception among the final customers. Montblanc, market leader for what concerns the writing instruments, has been striving during the last few years to definitively become a global luxury brand. To do so, Montblanc entered many different segments of the luxury world, such as leather, watches, fragrance and eyewear in the last â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"90s and the silver jewellery at the beginning of the 21st century. Moreover, a couple of years ago, Montblanc stepped forward into the fine jewellery business which is seen as the critical step in its strategic development to attain the full status of global luxury brand. In order to verify how the Montblanc brand is viewed and perceived in its competitive environment, the researcher adopted both a quantitative and a qualitative research method. On one hand, a customer survey consisted of XXX questions was developed. This survey submitted to actual and potential customers had the objective to impartially investigate the customer perception of the Montblanc brand. On the other hand, in-depth interviews with some Montblancs managers were carried out. The interviewed, who represented different levels of the Montblancs management, allowed the researcher to gain a full picture of the Montblanc brand and its strategic movements. Moreover the direct comparison with the Montblancs management was important to identify on which resources and competences the final recommendations could be based. For practical purposes, this study can be divided in five major parts: 1. the first part outlines the theme and the key question of the research paper; 2. the second part concerns the review of the literature as regards the following points: the definition of luxury and of luxury brands, some approaches to measure the brand perception / the reasons why people buy luxury goods (status-laden or conspicuousness-laden), and the diversification strategy. This part will be concluded with an in-depth analysis of the Montblanc brand; 3. the third part gives a fulfilling view of the undertaken research with particular attention to the objective, the hypothesis and the research method; 4. the fourth part covers the relevant findings coming from the analysis of the research results; 5. the last part presents the conclusions of the study and the researchers final recommendations to the brand. The theme of the research paper Luxury and the Montblanc brand gives an important insight of the key constructs at the core of the work. In first position one finds the term luxury whose meaning and definition are almost fuzzy. It is the reason why, this work will examine some important findings coming up from the literature so wide in this respect, at the end of which some major traits of the definition of luxury will be underlined. Especially, the literature review will cover the evolution of the definition of luxury all along the recent history. To be noticed that, the construct of luxury will be also investigated in the survey submitted to the final customers and also in the interviews to the Montblancs management and other practitioners of the luxury industry. This research, carried out by exploring both the customers and the professionals point of view, enriches the research itself and helps to get a good understanding of the major characteristics emerging nowadays about this fascinating concept. To be clarified that this study, focusing on the Montblanc brand, is related to a part of the luxury market such as t he accessories, jewellery and watches segments. The second part of the theme of this study is represented by three words: the Montblanc brand. This recalls two topics. The first one refers to the term brand. By revising the literature, a definition of brand will be proposed. In this respect, there are not important doubts and we will briefly comment the definition of brand recently provided by Jevons (2007). Nevertheless, some issues may arise for the definition of luxury brand which is obviously related to the construct of luxury. The expression the Montblanc brand as a whole, moreover, puts the attention on the leader German brand whose unmistakable star logo is worldwide the icon of quality and excellence. As previously said, the researcher chose a specific brand to be able to concretely study the fundamental question of his research paper that will be clarified in the next lines. To be noticed that the two parts of the theme title luxury and the Montblanc brand are tied up by the conjunction and that underlines the strict link between luxury and the Montblanc brand. Nevertheless, this link requires a further consideration because it can be misleading if not misunderstood. Which is the real mean of this linkage? There are no doubts that Montblanc is a luxury brand; but is it a specialised luxury brand or a global luxury brand? This question is strictly connected to the core issue of this master thesis. More precisely, the driver question is if a specialised luxury brand can extend its perception of luxury brand to other product categories. In order to answer this key issue, the researcher chose to study a well-known brand which has been pursuing a diversification strategy to become a global luxury brand. The construct of diversification strategy will be explained from a literature point of view. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of the Montblanc brand and its strategic business areas will be undertaken by applying some tools learned during the studies at the ESCP Europe especially during the modules of strategy and of strategic diagnostic. This becomes fundamental to better understand in which kind of diversification strategy Montblanc is engaged and to give a wide knowledge to the reader about the brand itself. To conclude, herein the reasons why the student chose this theme for his master thesis. There are three major reasons bringing to this choice. The first one refers to the luxury world. The construct of luxury, albeit widely analysed in the literature, remains somehow mysterious. Today, the definition of luxury is strongly evolving mainly due to the economic uncertainty mostly caused by the financial crisis of 2008. Therefore, although the probability to uniquely define luxury is very low if not nil, the challenge to better understand what luxury is/means/represents/is perceived nowadays represents to the researcher a great topic of interest. His interest in luxury is also nourished by the will to work in this sector in the upcoming future. This surely stems from the professional experiences made by the student as part of his studies within companies (Montblanc and Concord) operating in the jewellery, watches and accessories segments. Indeed, during these experiences, the student was impressed by this world rather mysterious where the care of the smallest detail makes a huge difference. The second reason concerns the Montblanc brand. The researcher had the chance to work for five months at Montblanc International, at the Headquarter in Hamburg within the Jewellery Category Department, and for three months at Montblanc UK, in London within the Retail Department. During this extremely positive experience, the student discovered in-depth this fascinating brand, from its tradition to its vision, from a strategic and more operational point of view. Surely the experience personally gained at Montblanc became highly useful in the development of the research and mainly in the analysis of the brand and of its strategy. Moreover the ongoing meetings/interviews with the Montblancs management had a double advantage. On one hand, it enriched the content of the study and on the other hand helped the student maintain the contacts with a firm that is at the top of his personal ranking of his employment research. The third reason concerns the strategic aspect behind this theme. Indeed, the diversification strategy pursued by Montblanc offered to the student the possibility to develop this construct often used/abused by luxury brands to extend their perception of luxury and, as a consequence, to finally increase their revenues. The diversification strategy has often been the object of strong discussions, mainly for what regards the results of pursuing this strategy and the ways of implementing it. This work has got the objective to rationalise the different types of diversification strategy and to investigate this theoretical concept on a concrete case study, thanks to the study of the Montblanc brand. This research will focus on the key factors of success or failure standing from the analysis of the diversification strategy pursued by Montblanc. Did Montblanc, a specialised luxury brand in the writing instrument segment, extend its perception of luxury brand to its other product categories? This key question gives a stricter view on the content of this research paper. This study will focus on the strategic development of a specialised luxury brand as Montblanc was/is in the writing instrument segment since its origin. In detail, the research has got the purpose to investigate how the Montblanc brand is nowadays perceived from the final customers. The findings coming up from the customer survey will help the researcher evaluate if the Montblanc brand is still perceived as a specialised luxury brand or if its image has developed to the status of a global luxury brand. The customers responses represent indeed the most reliable feedback to assess the degree of success of the diversification strategy pursed by Montblanc in the last years which has brought the brand to operate in relevant luxury segments such as leather, watches, fragrance, eyewear and jewellery next to the historical business area of writing instruments. At a second stage, the customers responses will be compared with the Montblanc managements point of view in order to verify if some discrepancies exist. This step is important to get a full picture of the Montblanc brands standing. Then, after an accurate presentation of the research, the student will point out the major findings in order to draw his conclusions about his study. The conclusions will include the major factors of the diversification strategy pursed by Montblanc to extend its perception of luxury brand to other segments in the luxury industry, in addition to the fields of improvement coming out of the research. Finally this research paper will present the students recommendations which will take into account the strategic objectives standing out from the interviews with the Montblancs management and also the Montblanc brand perception outlined by the customer survey. In the next pages, the student will study, by starting from the literature review, some key concepts at the core of this research paper which include: * the definition of luxury and its evolution; * the definition of luxury goods; * the definition of brand and of luxury brands; * briefly the different approaches to measure the brand perception among the final customers.> the reasons why people buy luxury goods (status or conspicuousness); * and the presentation of the diversification strategy: the objectives, the different types, the advantages and the drawbacks, the risks, and the key success factors. The literature review, as said, will be completed by the contextualisation of these constructs to the Montblanc brand. At this stage the Montblanc brand will be studied in order to give all the required basics to launch the following research. In order to better define the constructs at the core of this research paper that will give the background of the following research, an in-depth literature review will be made. Four major concepts will be discussed thanks to the support of different literature material which includes insights from books, articles, management and fashion websites and personal references in terms of power point presentations, excel documents and excel files. The activity of research consisted mainly in going through the databases accessible from the Intranet at ESCP Europe in order to directly access to a wide range of reference material. The definition of luxury The first part of the literature review regards the construct of luxury. Luxury has always been a central field of research. Indeed its specific characteristics have attracted the interest of the researchers all along the history. However, albeit the meaning of luxury is widely discussed in the literature, researchers did not come up with a commonly accepted definition of this construct. For sure, it is not possible to uniquely define luxury. Simply, the words do not seem to be able to describe what luxury means. In this respect, the literature leaves this concept shrouded in mystery. This research paper will face the definition of luxury by going through different steps. At the beginning some different definitions of luxury will be put forward by touching its literal and economic meaning, and also by exploring some philosophical and social interpretations. Then, an interesting brief explanation of the etymology of the term luxury will be presented. Afterwards, the history of luxury will be outlined before entering in more detailed considerations regarding the notions of old and new luxury. At the end of this first part, the student will show the latest development of the luxury construct by getting important insights from the practitioners point of view founded in articles related to the luxury world. Literal definition of luxury Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913): Anything which pleases the senses, and is also costly, or difficult to obtain; an expensive rarity.'[1] [2] Economic definition of luxury Mason (81): Un produit est consid ©r © comme luxueux si l ©lasticit © de la demande par rapport au revenu est sup ©rieure    1. Philosophers definition of luxury Paul Iribe (1932): Luxe: besoin qui commence o ¹ finit la n ©cessit ©.'[3] Voltaire (1694-1778): Superflu chose tr ¨s n ©cessaire. Jaime le luxe et m ªme la mollesse. Rousseau: Le luxe doit  ªtre rejet © car il est contraire aux exigences de la nature. Sociology researchers definition of luxury Bourdieu (79,84): Comme tout acte de consommation, lachat dune marque de luxe est un moyen daffirmer sa position sociale, de faire croire    un changement de position ou prouver un changement de position sociale. Tout d ©pend du r ´le que lindividu joue ou pense jouer au sein de son groupe de r ©f ©rence. Baudrillard (68): Lacc ¨s au luxe est d ©termin © par une volont © sociale de se distinguer, de se d ©marquer ou bien encore de saffilier    un groupe. Suivant le groupe social auquel la personne se r ©f ¨re, le luxe aura une signification diff ©rente. Maffesoli (96): Lanalyse du luxe par le prisme des classes ne prend pas en compte le resserrement des individus autour de groupes restreints, de tribus. La consommation devient alors un plaisir personnel et intime, sans volont © ostentatoire. Management researchers definition of luxury Gutsatz M. (96): Le luxe comprend deux niveaux de repr ©sentation. Le premier niveau est mat ©riel, il comprend le produit et la marque (son histoire, son identit ©, son savoir faire unique, le talent). Le second niveau est psychologique. Il sagit de repr ©sentations qui nous sont propres, influenc ©s par notre milieu social et les valeurs de la marque. Roux E. (91): La marque de luxe se caract ©rise par une valeur ajout ©e symbolique, imaginaire ou sociale qui la diff ©rencie des autres. La marque de luxe correspond ainsi aux besoins symboliques que le consommateur peut ressentir (par opposition aux besoins fonctionnels ou de vari ©t ©). Laurent G., Dubois B. (95): Le luxe est subjectif, personnel et perceptuel. Si lon cherche    d ©terminer les attributs caract ©risant un produit de luxe, 6 dimensions apparaissent : Une qualit © sup ©rieure et per §ue, un prix  ©lev ©, une s ©lectivit © et une raret © des produits et de la distribution, un pouvoir attractif important un savoir faire certain et la non n ©cessit ©. Practitioners definition of luxury Coco Chanel: Le luxe est le contraire de la vulgarit ©. Boucheron A.: Le luxe est une  « mayonnaise  » constitu ©e de diff ©rents ingr ©dients. Si lun dentre-eux manque ou est mal dos ©, la mayonnaise tourne. Le luxe est un concept et non un produit.[4] Jean-Louis Dumas-Herm ¨s, historic Chairman and CEO of Herm ¨s: [5] Just by analysing these few definitions of luxury, one can notice the absolute subjectivity of this concept. It stands out that luxury has got a close linkage with pleasure, rarity, exclusivity, quality, high price tag. Economists define luxury as something which is unnecessary, statement which would be probably argued by some studies on the consumers reasons to buy luxury. For someone (Rousseau) luxury should even be avoided because it is not a primary need of the human being. Luxury is something that belongs to the inner part of each individual but it can be also highly other-oriented. By wearing or experiencing luxury items, an individual expresses his own personality and can show his social status and position in the community. The fact is that luxury is probably a bit of everything, a perfect trade off of opposite concepts. This makes luxury a kind of mystery. After this round-up, the study will briefly present the etymology of the term luxury before briefing touching the historical evolution of luxury. Etymology of word luxury According to Dubois, Czellar and Laurent (2005) the English term[6] luxury is derived from the Latin luxus, which, according to the Oxford Latin Dictionary, it signifies soft or extravagant living, (over-)indulgence and sumptuousness, luxuriousness, opulence; luxus also means sensuality, splendour and its derivative luxuria is extravagance, riot etc. Merriam-Websters Dictionary defines luxuriance as something characterized by richness and extravagance, often tending to excess. The word luxury is also often semantically associated with lux the Latin word for light; therefore, luxury carries connotations of brightness. It is glittering and, in addition, it is something visible. The evolution of luxury Until the Middle Ages the writings point out that luxury was the reflection of the religious mystery that drives the human being to go beyond himself driven by an offer or a sign. But the heyday of luxury is without any doubt the Renaissance (15th and 16th century), flourishing period for literature, art and science. This period reflects the explosion of luxury, vogue of the ostentatious architecture coming from Italy. At that time, luxuries are exclusive items belonging to the aristocracy and the court. During the Renaissance luxury becomes the prerogative of the bourgeoisie. During the 18th and 19th century luxury remains exclusive of the  ©lite. The 20th century signs an important step in the evolution of luxury. Mainly after the Second World War luxury becomes almost conformist, not extravagant or eccentric. In the â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"80s, the focus is on the luxury consumer; in this time, younger period discover luxury thanks to the accessories. At the end of this decade, there is the boom of luxury for what concerns the distribution channel development. The major players widen their reach by exploiting the markets where they are present and even by entering new markets. At the beginning of the â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"90s, the crisis that hit also the luxury industry, pushed to rethink the concept of luxury that gained a higher spiritual/moral meaning in addition to the impeccable quality.[7] Old-luxury vs New-luxury With the 21st century, new terms about luxury are emerging in the practitioners literature. For the purpose of this research paper, in the next few lines some considerations will be made on the expression of old luxury in opposition to new luxury in order to clarify their meaning. Some practitioners argue that old luxury is about the good itself and is defined by the company, in opposition to This seems to trace a clear line between the two concepts: old luxury is about the material thing, it is about stuff. Instead, new luxury is about experiencing. Nowadays, it seems evident that old luxury cannot anymore survive. The high quality of luxury products is assumed by consumers who are looking forward for something more. In our time, luxury is increasingly defined as those special qualities, features and attributes intrinsic to a product and that go beyond the item itself. According to Ms. Danziger (2008)[9], the product itself does not anymore create personal fulfilment. Today, luxury is in the eye of the beholder and the consumers perceptions are not anymore, exclusively depending on the exceptional quality of luxury products and on the high price tag. This does not mean that the materialism is not important but only that consumers are eager of experiences. Therefore, as a consequence, a shift from product-centric to consumer-centric point of view becomes inevitable to attract luxury consumers. The needed clarification of old luxury and new luxury concepts will become also useful when the study will discuss the definition of luxury brands and in the research of the consumers perception of the Montblanc brand which will lead to the students recommendations at the end of this research paper. At this point, it becomes interesting to see how the todays definition of luxury has evolved in the light of the recent events occurred in autumn 2008 which had an important impact on the entire economy and, therefore, also on the luxury industry. Todays definition of luxury ppt vale, crisis, bling bling, tradition, According to Yeoman and McMahon (2005), luxury is incredibly fluid, and changes dramatically across time and culture'[10]. This opinion becomes very much clear by thinking if the meaning of todays definition of luxury is the same definition of luxury of just eighteen months ago. Today it is even harder to give an accurate definition of luxury. After the financial crisis, culminated with the bankruptcy of some key players in the real estate and banking industry which caused a chain reaction hitting all the other sectors, the perception of luxury has surely changed, at least to a certain extent. This critical point merits further considerations and, therefore, it will be investigated in the following research at the core of this study. In the next lines some leaders opinions in luxury will be presented. Some of these thoughts were collected in a confidential in-depth research carried out at the beginning of 2009, supplied by Montblancs management. They will introduce the students point of view about the sharp evolution of luxury meaning in the last months. Herein, some comments about the change of luxury construct in the last year. S. Toledano, Dior: Compulsive shopping, its over. M. Nieto, Baume Mercier: Price sensitivity is coming back fiercely. C. Binkley, The Wall Street Journal: Its bling over J. Rupert, Richemont: During a recession, Im sure consumers will choose solid values. B. Pavlowski, Chanel: Dont neglect any aspect of the product quality. R. Palti, Le Nouvel Economiste: Many markets are saturated and there is an increasing number of offers proposing the same service. Finding what will best meet the clients expectations is no easy task. And yet, in these days of economic, financial ( lack of confidence) crisis, there is not a single company that can afford not to satisfy its clients, even just to sell. B. Arnault, LVMH[11]: post-recovery customers will not only place a particular emphasis on values like quality and craftsmanship, but also on exclusivity and commitment to social and environmental responsibility. D. Dion, Sorbonne University: Luxury has to return to its exclusive and extraordinary roots. B. Fornas, Cartier: We are witnessing a return to true luxury and high end luxury products, which Cartier symbolises. JC Biver, Hublot: When there is a crisis, it is necessary to get as close as possible to ones clients to better understand them, to reassure them and to make in due time the right decisions. S. Toledano, Dior: There should be both empathy and connivance between the brand and the client. A. Ahrendts, Burberry: Even though the overall market may become difficult, I think that retailers and customers are always open to a new innovative idea or a new exciting concept. Jeffry M. Aronsson, Donna Karan: luxury is attention to detail and quality backed by superior service.'[12] B. Pavlowski, Chanel: One should keep investing in creation. D. Peters, Jewelers of America: Selling in challenging times is not about product and its not about price. Rather, its about people and relationships, and the quality of the customer experience. J. Taylor, Harrison: The definition of living well is changing. There is a desire to not stand out. If youre laying people off, you dont want to buy a Ferrari. S. Geary, Mulberry: In the coming months, the mood will be against that â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"blind consumption. A. Arnault, LVMH: The collection focused on elegance and discretion and used materials that were noble but not too visibly noble. Giorgio Armani: Those who deliver what they promise to their customers, and bear their customers in mind, will survive the current economic climate. After this round-up, some further considerations have to be made. At our time, some relevant trends can be observed in luxury. These trends have an important impact on todays interpretation/ perception of luxury. Increasing of price sensitivity is one of them. In time of crisis, luxury sector is one of the most negatively affected due to the nature itself of luxury products. According to Maslows pyramid, luxury products do not belong to the first steps of the human beings needs (phy